Fig. 4

Effects of Interaction between PARP1 and XRCC1 on DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress Response in HK-2 Cells. A Interaction network of candidate target gene proteins obtained from the String database; B Immunofluorescence co-localization of PARP1 (green), XRCC1 (red), and DAPI (blue); C, D Co-IP validation of the interaction between PARP1 and XRCC1; E Western blot analysis of XRCC1 expression levels in different groups of HK-2 cells; F CCK-8 assay to measure cellular activity in different groups of HK-2 cells; G Enzymatic method to measure Caspase activity in different groups of HK-2 cells; H Immunofluorescence assay to assess the percentage of positive γH2AX cells, with blue DAPI fluorescence marking the cell nucleus and green marking γH2AX (scale bar = 50 µm); I Measurement of oxidative stress-related factors' anti-peroxidation levels in different groups of HK-2 cells; J Measurement of MDA levels in different groups of HK-2 cells. * denotes significant difference compared to the sh-NC group (P < 0.05). All cell experiments were repeated 3 times