Fig. 1

Protective effects of CpG-ODNs on RKI in relation to DNA damage and oxidative stress levels. A CpG-ODNs related sequence information; B Levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in mouse serum detected by automated biochemical analyzer; C Histopathological changes in mouse kidney tissues observed by HE staining (scale bar = 25 µm); D Levels of cellular apoptosis in mouse kidney tissues detected by TUNEL staining (scale bar = 25 µm), with brownish-gray indicating apoptotic cells; E Levels of DNA damage index (8-OHdG) in mouse serum detected by ELISA; F Levels of oxidative stress-related indexes in mouse serum detected by ELISA; G Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mouse serum detected. * indicates P < 0.05 compared to the Normal group, # indicates P < 0.05 compared to the RKI group; each group consisted of 8 mice