Fig. 4
GD affects the microglial polarization in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A–C The mRNA expression of M1 phenotype markers TNFα (A), iNOS (B), and IL-1β (C) in the hippocampus.(D–F) The mRNA levels of the M2 phenotype markers Arginase 1 (D), IL-4 (E), and CD206 (F) in the hippocampus. G Double immunostaining of iNOS and IBA1 in the hippocampus in mice. Scale bar, 20 μm. H Double immunostaining of Arginase 1 and IBA1 in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 20 μm. I Quantification of the number of IBA1/iNOS double-positive cells in (G). J Quantification of the number of IBA1/Arginase1 double-positive cells in (H). Unpaired Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05 compared to control mice. The values are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 5/group). K Primary microglia from APP/PS1 mice were treated with oligomeric Aβ1–42 and then treated with or without T3. The mRNA levels of TNFα (K), iNOS (L), IL-1β (M), Arginase 1 (N), IL-4 (O), and CD206 (P) were measured. Unpaired Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05 compared to microglia without T3 treatment. The values are presented as the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments