Fig. 3

Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of hippocampal tissues. A UMAP plot of 11,366 mouse hippocampal cells isolated from GD mice and APP/PS1 mice. B Annotations of the cell types from single-cell RNA sequencing data by SASC. C The bar chart shows the percentage of each cell type in the hippocampus of GD mice and APP/PS1 mice. D Western blotting analysis of the IBA1 protein and quantification in the hippocampus of mice. E Immunostaining of IBA1 at higher magnification and quantification of the IBA1-positive cell density in the hippocampus of mice. Scale bar, 100 μm and 50 μm. Unpaired Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05 compared to control mice. The values are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 5/group). F UMAP plot of cluster 9 (microglia) revealing a change in M1/M2 polarization. G Bar chart shows the results of GO enrichment analysis of the microglial DEGs identified using single-cell RNA sequencing. H Bar chart showing that microglial DEGs is enriched in the KEGG pathways. The number of DEGs involved in the pathways is shown. I Truncated heatmap showing the top 10 DEGs in microglial cells (cluster 9)