Fig. 1

ESR1 was upregulated in the peritoneal mesothelial cells after PDF exposure. a Masson staining and immunofluorescence images of human peritoneum. Scale bars = 100 μm. b Relative quantification of peritoneal thickness in clinical samples. n = 6 samples. **P < 0.01 vs. CON group. c ESR1 fluorescence intensity based on acquired images. n = 6. **P < 0.01 vs. CON group. d Masson staining and immunofluorescence images of mouse peritoneum. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline in the CON group and 4.25% high-glucose peritoneal dialysate containing 40 mM methylglyoxal in the PD group (0.1 ml/g) for 2 weeks. Scale bars = 100 μm. e and f Relative quantification of the peritoneal thickness and Esr1 fluorescence intensity in the mouse model by ImageJ. n = 6. **P < 0.01 vs. CON group. g and h Western blot analysis of ESR1 protein and qRT-PCR analysis of ESR1 mRNA expression in the MeT-5A cell line under different glucose concentrations. Concentrations of 1.5%, 2.5%, and 4.25% are commonly used in clinical peritoneal dialysis solutions. n = 3. **P < 0.01 vs. 0% glucose group. i and j Western blot analysis of Esr1 protein and qRT-PCR analysis of Esr1 mRNA expression in mouse peritoneal primary cells stimulated with different glucose concentrations. Mouse peritoneal primary cells were obtained by intraperitoneal injection of EDTA-trypsin, digested at 37 ℃ for 15 min and sorted by flow cytometry. n = 3 **P < 0.01 vs. 0% glucose group. k and l ESR1 protein and mRNA level in Met-5A cells stimulated by 4.25% d-glucose with time extension. n = 3 **P < 0.01 vs. 0% glucose group. m and n Esr1 protein and mRNA level in mouse peritoneal primary cells stimulated by 4.25% d-glucose with time extension. n = 3 **P < 0.01 vs. 0% glucose group. Values are the mean ± SD. Clinical and mouse values came from a Gaussian distribution by normality test. The pairwise comparison between groups was tested by Dunnett's T3 following One-way ANOVA. ESR1 oestrogen receptor 1, PD peritoneal dialysis, PDF peritoneal dialysis fluid