Fig. 5
The effect of Metformin on the periodontium before and after treatment. A Schematic representation of the process from tissue collection via curettage for sequencing (n = 3 group) (Created with BioRender.com). B Differential expression testing between samples. Volcano plot showing the results of differential expression testing and Venn diagram showing that Metformin upregulated 1138 genes and downregulated 671 genes in the granulation tissue by the day of treatment. C Heatmap displaying the different transcriptomic expression between treated and non-treated patients. D Gingival crevicular fluid analysis by Luminex Multiplex Assay at baseline (day 0) and during the initial healing phase (Statistics for Luminex in Additional file 16: Table S6) (Day 4 of medication = 1 day after treatment; Day 7 of medication = 3 days after treatment; Day 10 of medication = 7 day after treatment)