Fig. 1

Preventive Metformin preclinical models. A Periodontitis induction experimental plan (Created with BioRender.com). B Longitudinal blood glucose levels prior (0) and 6 weeks post bacterial inoculation. C–E μCT 3D reconstructions of groups displayed in A. F Vertical bone loss analysis showing bone levels. G Longitudinal age-related bone loss experimental plan (Created with BioRender.com). H Body weight gain over 6 months relative to baseline (dotted lines indicates 99% confidence bands). I Blood glucose fluctuation over 6 months relative to baseline (dotted lines indicates 99% confidence bands). J, K μCT 3D reconstructions of ageing mice. L Vertical bone loss analysis showing bone levels relative to baseline measurements. Statistics B RM ANOVA (Between treatments) F (1.384, 8.307) = 19.33, p = 0.0013; Tukey Multiple comparison tests: Control vs Periodontal Disease: p = 0.0062; Control vs Metformin Prevention: p = 0.008; Periodontal Disease vs Metformin Prevention: p = 0.004. (F) T test: Control vs Periodontal Disease: p = 0.0096. H Simple Linear Regression: Slopes: F = 41.3.DFn = 1,DFd = 80. P < 0.0001; T test: Month 4 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0061; Month 5 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0078; Month 6 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0002. I Simple Linear Regression: Slopes: F = 3.457.DFn = 1,DFd = 80. p = 0.0667; Intercepts: F = 43.63.DFn = 1,DFd = 81. P < 0.0001; T test: Month 1 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0154; Month 2 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0087; Month 3 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0028; T test: Month 4 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.002; Month 5 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0177; Month 6 Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0218. L T test: Water vs Metformin: p = 0.0337