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Table 4 The association between weight change in different life periods and osteoporosis/osteopenia

From: BMI trajectory of rapid and excessive weight gain during adulthood is associated with bone loss: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2005–2018

Normal-stable

Osteoporosis

Osteopenia

Model 1

P-value

Model 2

P-value

Model 3

P-value

Model 1

P-value

Model 2

P-value

Model 3

P-value

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Early-stage weight change

 Overweight-stable

0.45 (0.22,0.92)

0.029

0.47 (0.22,0.98)

0.044

0.48 (0.23,1.01)

0.055

0.52 (0.34,0.80)

0.002

0.53 (0.34,0.81)

0.004

0.53 (0.34,0.83)

0.005

 Obesity-stable

0.32 (0.12,0.84)

0.021

0.25 (0.08,0.74)

0.012

0.26 (0.08,0.77)

0.016

0.46 (0.27,0.79)

0.005

0.44 (0.24,0.80)

0.007

0.46 (0.25,0.84)

0.011

 Decrease

0.81 (0.49,1.33)

0.100

0.73 (0.44,1.21)

0.220

0.78 (0.47,1.29)

0.327

0.84 (0.56,1.26)

0.399

0.85 (0.56,1.29)

0.446

0.92 (0.60,1.40)

0.690

 Increase

0.65 (0.48,0.89)

0.007

0.70 (0.51,0.96)

0.026

0.71 (0.51,0.97)

0.033

0.77 (0.59,1.01)

0.058

0.78 (0.58,1.04)

0.093

0.80 (0.59,1.07)

0.134

Recent weight change

 Overweight-stable

0.79 (0.51,1.22)

0.287

0.77 (0.49,1.22)

0.270

0.76 (0.48,1.20)

0.242

0.87 (0.68,1.12)

0.284

0.89 (0.69,1.13)

0.332

0.88 (0.69,1.13)

0.323

 Obesity-stable

1.49 (0.72,3.09)

0.286

1.35 (0.63,2.89)

0.433

1.33 (0.61,2.90)

0.479

0.91 (0.67,1.24)

0.543

0.92 (0.67,1.27)

0.618

0.96 (0.69,1.33)

0.802

 Decrease

0.94 (0.67,1.31)

0.709

0.79 (0.55,1.13)

0.195

0.85 (0.59,1.22)

0.377

0.89 (0.72,1.11)

0.317

0.89 (0.71,1.12)

0.318

0.94 (0.74,1.19)

0.617

 Increase

1.13 (0.78,1.64)

0.511

1.03 (0.71,1.49)

0.880

0.97 (0.66,1.43)

0.892

0.98 (0.79,1.21)

0.831

0.99 (0.79,1.24)

0.922

0.99 (0.78,1.25)

0.907

  1. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and baseline BMI
  2. Model 2: model 1 plus education, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and sleep status
  3. Model 3: model 2 plus cancer, diabetes, and total cholesterol
  4. Early-stage: from 25 years old to 10 years ago; recent: from 10 years ago to baseline
  5. P-values < 0.05 were indicated in bold