Fig. 2
Epalrestat inhibits canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation but has no effect on NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. A LPS-primed BMDMs were treated with or without epalrestat (40 μM) before stimulation with ATP, nigericin, SiO2, or poly(I: C) and Pam3CSK4-primed BMDMs were treated with or without epalrestat (40 μM) before stimulation with LPS. Immunoblot analysis of epalrestat was used to detect the cleaved caspase-1 and production of IL-1β in the Sup and the expression of caspase-1 p45, pro-IL-1β, and ASC in the Lys. B LPS-primed BMDMs were treated with or without epalrestat (40 μM) before stimulation with ATP, poly (dA: dT), or Salmonella. Immunoblot analysis of epalrestat was used to detect cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β in the Sup and the expression of caspase-1 p45, pro-IL-1β, and ASC in the Lys. C–H The activity of caspase-1 C, F, secretion of IL-1β D, G, and the production of TNF-α E, H in the Sup were assessed from samples described in A or B. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from at least three biological samples. Statistical differences were analyzed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant