Fig. 7
LIPUS treatment decreased cytotoxic effects after astrocyte activation. A MIP-2, B IL-6 and C COX-2 expression in the primary astrocyte culture (PRAC) were increased by thrombin and significantly decreased after LIPUS treatment. D Immunofluorescence staining was used to morphologically analyze astrocytes. GFAP (astrocytes) is shown in green and C3 (hallmarks of cytotoxic) is shown in red. Yellow labeling represents co-localization. LIPUS treatment reduced the expression of C3 staining induced by thrombin. DAPI (blue) staining was used to show all nuclei. The scale bar is 50 μm. ∗ , #, denote significant difference from the control group and thrombin group, respectively (## = P < 0.01, ***, ### = P < 0.001; n = 4)