Fig. 5

LIPUS treatment decreased glial cell activation after ICH. A Microglia (Iba1, red) and B astrocytes (GFAP, green) in the peri-hematomal area are shown. LIPUS treatment decreased glial cell expression at 3 days after ICH (n = 8). C Microglia-conditioned media (MCM) and D astrocyte-conditioned media (ACM) induced by thrombin for 24 h or 48 h caused neuron death. LIPUS treatment prevented MCM- or ACM-caused neurotoxicity. E ACM collected from astrocytes activated by thrombin-induced MCM had neurotoxic effects on neuron cultures. LIPUS treatment neutralized the inflammatory activity of thrombin-induced MCM and reduced the cytotoxic effects of ACM. ∗ , #, denote significant difference from the control group and thrombin group, respectively (#P < 0.05, **, ##P < 0.01, ***, ###P < 0.001; n = 4)