Fig. 3
The process of mitochondrial division. mitochondrial fission factor and Mid49/50, as well as dynamin-related protein 1, are the main triggers of mitochondrial fission. Among them, dynamin-related protein 1 aggregates around the mitochondrial membrane to form a helical homopolymeric complex, followed by contraction of the complex causing mitochondrial fracture. Among them, energy shortage, physical exercise, and high levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate lead to phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 residues S656 and S637 by stimulating protein kinase A, which inhibits mitochondrial membrane breakage. Besides, high concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate can promote a kinase anchoring protein 1 binding to protein kinase A, and the formed complex inhibits dynamin-related protein 1 aggregation in the mitochondrial membrane and hinders mitochondrial membrane break