Table 1 Anthropometric characteristics of the study population

Number of subjects (N)

33

42

25

32

Sex (% male)

60.60

42.86

64.00

68.75

Age (years)

10.34 ± 0.29

10.34 ± 0.38

10.94 ± 0.47

10.84 ± 0.25

WC (cm)

60.07 ± 0.66

93.91 ± 2.48^*

95.33 ± 1.93^*

101.78 ± 1.91^*,a,b

WC (Z-Score)

− 0.51 ± 0.09

4.70 ± 0.33^*

4.85 ± 0.39^*

4.93 ± 0.23^*

Weight (kg)

31.34 ± 0.70

61.87 ± 2.73^*

64.54 ± 2.85^*

70.19 ± 1.93^*,b

Weight (Z-Score)

− 0.15 ± 0.12

4.36 ± 0.21^*

5.02 ± 0.36^*

5.02 ± 0.22^*

Height (cm)

135.41 ± 1.37

145.24 ± 2.02^*

151.64 ± 2.13^*

151.38 ± 1.83^*

Height (Z-Score)

− 0.33 ± 0.17

0.98 ± 0.13^*

1.48 ± 0.27^*

1.79 ± 0.14^*,b

BMI (Kg /m2)

16.55 ± 0.12

28.67 ± 0.56^*

29.96 ± 0.67^*

30.46 ± 0.70^*

BMI (Z-Score)

− 0.56 ± 0.10

4.14 ± 0.17^*

4.28 ± 0.17^*

4.50 ± 0.27^*

Systolic BP (mmHg)

102.71 ± 1.38

113.47 ± 1.57^*

118.81 ± 2.14^*

121.6 ± 1.80^*,b

Systolic BP (Z-Score)

0.07 ± 0.10

0.99 ± 0.14^*

1.13 ± 0.17^*

1.41 ± 0.18^*

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

65.96 ± 1.05

73.13 ± 1.14^*

75.82 ± 1.16^*

77.07 ± 1.02^*,b

Diastolic BP (Z-Score)

0.39 ± 0.10

1.00 ± 0.09^*

1.12 ± 0.09^*

1.24 ± 0.10^*

Gestational age (weeks)

39.64 ± 0.26

40.00 ± 0.18

38.78 ± 0.36^b

40.04 ± 0.32^a

Newborn height (cm)

50.69 ± 0.46

50.54 ± 0.34

50.06 ± 0.86

48.95 ± 0.86

Newborn height (Z-Score)

0.39 ± 0.23

0.71 ± 0.24

0.77 ± 0.25

0.58 ± 0.34

Newborn weight (g)

3287.31 ± 92.12

3361.97 ± 61.32

3048.33 ± 128.82^b

3143.64 ± 106.90

Newborn weight (Z-Score)

− 0.18 ± 0.20

0.35 ± 0.17^*

− 0.08 ± 0.30

0.33 ± 0.21