Table 1 Characteristics of NHANES participants by tertile of total flavonoids intake
|  | Total population (n = 3913) | Total flavonoid intake tertiles |  | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | P value | ||
Total flavonoid intake, mean(SE) (mg/d) | 222.16 (11.04) | 15.09 (0.35) | 51.96 (0.85) | 449.27 (15.15) |  < 0.01 |
Socio-economic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Total, n (%) | 3913 | 1088 (26.35) | 1174 (28.37) | 1651 (45.28) |  |
 Male, n (%) | 1893 (48.38) | 535 (27.02) | 576 (29.31) | 782 (43.67) | 0.41 |
 Female, n (%) | 2020 (51.62) | 553 (25.71) | 598 (27.47) | 869 (46.82) | |
 Age, years, mean (SD) | 47.62 (0.44) | 44.67 (0.63) | 47.29 (0.76) | 49.54 (0.65) |  < 0.0001 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 White, n (%) | 2002 (72.56) | 547 (71.99) | 547 (69.69) | 908 (74.70) | 0.001 |
 Black, n (%) | 655 (10.04) | 202 (11.51) | 188 (10.32) | 265 (9.01) | |
 Mexican, n (%) | 684 (7.62) | 206 (8.65) | 251 (10.03) | 227 (5.52) | |
 Others, n (%) | 572 (9.77) | 133 (7.85) | 188 (9.96) | 251 (10.78) | |
Healthy behavior factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Smoke status |  |  |  |  |  |
  Current Smokers, n (%) | 775 (18.72) | 300 (26.23) | 209 (17.67) | 266 (15.01) | 0.001 |
  No current smokers, n (%) | 3138 (81.28) | 788 (73.77) | 965 (82.33) | 1385 (84.99) | |
 Drinking |  |  |  |  |  |
  No drink user, n (%) | 514 (10.70) | 141 (10.60) | 163 (12.67) | 210 (9.51) |  < 0.0001 |
  Former drink user, n (%) | 770 (15.95) | 261 (19.81) | 221 (14.62) | 288 (14.55) | |
  Mild drink user, n (%) | 1297 (37.51) | 291 (29.35) | 373 (34.81) | 633 (43.96) | |
  Moderate drink user, n (%) | 564 (15.96) | 146 (16.53) | 165 (15.06) | 253 (16.20) | |
  Heavy drink user, n (%) | 768 (19.87) | 249 (23.71) | 252 (22.84) | 267 (15.78) | |
 Physical activity level |  |  |  |  |  |
  Never, n (%) | 1067 (21.45) | 340 (23.83) | 327 (21.96) | 400 (19.76) | 0.33 |
  Low, n (%) | 1039 (27.86) | 252 (24.80) | 304 (26.94) | 483 (30.22) | |
  Intermediate, n (%) | 942 (27.60) | 258 (26.74) | 281 (27.97) | 403 (27.88) | |
  High, n (%) | 865 (23.08) | 238 (24.63) | 262 (23.14) | 365 (19.76) | |
 Dietary intake |  |  |  |  |  |
  Kcal/day, kcal, mean (SD) | 2103.68 (17.30) | 1897.28 (34.24) | 2168.36 (34.23) | 2183.26 (24.75) |  < 0.0001 |
  Carbohydrates/day, g/100 kcal, mean (SD) | 255.05 (1.91) | 223.51 (3.91) | 261.54 (3.95) | 269.34 (2.91) |  < 0.0001 |
  Protein/day, g/100 kcal, mean (SD) | 83.33 (0.88) | 76.76 (1.83) | 84.56 (1.40) | 86.39 (1.28) |  < 0.001 |
  Fiber/day, g/100 kcal, mean (SD) | 16.98 (0.31) | 12.63 (0.24) | 17.90 (0.29) | 18.94 (0.47) |  < 0.0001 |
  Total fat, mean(SD) | 79.99 (0.75) | 74.76 (1.50) | 81.03 (1.39) | 82.37 (1.15) |  < 0.001 |
 Chronic disease factors |  |  |  |  |  |
  BMI, kg/m2, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |
  BMI < 25 | 1117 (31.79) | 296 (28.87) | 333 (33.17) | 488 (32.63) | 0.21 |
  BMI ≥ 25 | 2796 (68.21) | 792 (71.13) | 841 (66.83) | 1163 (67.37) | |
 Hypertension, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |
  No Hypertension | 2248 (63.57) | 616 (63.20) | 673 (63.87) | 959 (63.60) | 0.96 |
  Hypertension | 1665 (36.43) | 472 (36.80) | 501 (36.13) | 692 (36.40) | |
 Diabetes, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |
  No diabetes | 2356 (66.48) | 629 (65.87) | 714 (67.84) | 1013 (65.97) | 0.58 |
  Diabetes | 1557 (33.52) | 459 (34.13) | 460 (32.16) | 638 (34.03) | |
 Chronic kidney disease |  |  |  |  |  |
  No CKD | 3232 (87.35) | 883 (88.34) | 965 (86.10) | 1384 (87.55) | 0.42 |
  CKD | 681 (12.65) | 205 (11.66) | 209 (13.90) | 267 (12.45) | |