The effects of probiotics supplementation on glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

Table 5 Subgroup analysis for the effects of probiotics on HOMA-IR

Subgroup	No. of trials	No. of participants	I² (%)	P_{heterogeneity}	Pooled SMD [95% CI]	P_effect	P_subgroup
Race
Asian	5	470	39.0	0.161	− 0.139 [− 0.321, 0.043]	0.134	0.173
Caucasian	11	601	47.3	0.040	− 0.308 [− 0.471, − 0.146]	< 0.001	0.173
Dose of probiotics
≤ 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day	6	304	69.2	0.006	− 0.179 [− 0.593, 0.234]	0.396	0.969
> 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day	8	653	33.3	0.163	− 0.241 [− 0.438, − 0.043]	0.017	0.969
Duration of intervention
≤ 8 weeks	8	381	32.7	0.167	− 0.163 [− 0.412, 0.085]	0.198	0.496
> 8 weeks	9	735	52.4	0.032	− 0.312 [− 0.534, − 0.091]	0.006	0.496
Genus of probiotics
Lactobacillus	5	213	43.8	0.130	− 0.101 [− 0.373, 0.170]	0.606	0.345
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium	11	819	48.4	0.036	− 0.248 [− 0.387, − 0.109]	0.004	0.345
Type of vehicle used to deliver the probiotics
Powder/capsule/tablet	12	882	57.7	0.007	− 0.239 [− 0.453, − 0.026]	0.028	0.912
Food	4	181	0.0	0.829	− 0.230 [− 0.523, 0.063]	0.124	0.912
Baseline BMI
< 30 kg/m²	8	571	11.9	0.338	− 0.165 [− 0.347, 0.017]	0.075	0.144
≥ 30 kg/m²	8	466	60.0	0.015	− 0.320 [− 0.615, − 0.026]	0.033	0.144

HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance, CFU, colony-forming units; BMI,body mass index

ISSN: 1479-5876