The effects of probiotics supplementation on glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

Table 3 Subgroup analysis for the effects of probiotics on insulin

Subgroup	No. of trials	No. of participants	I² (%)	P_{heterogeneity}	Pooled SMD [95% CI]	P_effect	P_subgroup
Race
Asian	5	313	0.0	0.777	− 0.145 [− 0.367, 0.078]	0.202	0.764
Caucasian	11	513	23.3	0.222	− 0.187 [− 0.352, − 0.022]	0.027	0.764
Dose of probiotics
≤ 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day	9	516	27.2	0.202	− 0.169 [− 0.343, 0.005]	0.056	0.851
> 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day	6	323	0.0	0.673	− 0.143 [− 0.362, 0.076]	0.202	0.851
Duration of intervention
≤ 8 weeks	10	478	0.0	0.693	− 0.291 [− 0.463, − 0.120]	0.001	0.071
> 8 weeks	7	408	1.1	0.416	− 0.052 [− 0.247, 0.143]	0.600	0.071
Genus of probiotics
Lactobacillus	6	356	21.1	0.275	− 0.300 [− 0.510, − 0.090]	0.005	0.183
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium	10	584	0.0	0.661	− 0.119 [− 0.282, 0.044]	0.152	0.183
Type of vehicle used to deliver the probiotics
Powder/capsule/tablet	10	510	0.0	0.630	− 0.049 [− 0.223, 0.125]	0.581	0.014
Food	6	316	0.0	0.744	− 0.386 [− 0.592, − 0.180]	< 0.001	0.014
Baseline BMI
< 30 kg/m²	8	413	0.0	0.732	− 0.261 [− 0.455, − 0.066]	0.009	0.279
≥ 30 kg/m²	8	448	31.2	0.179	− 0.112 [− 0.299, 0.075]	0.239	0.279

ISSN: 1479-5876