The effects of probiotics supplementation on glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

Table 2 Subgroup analysis for the effects of probiotics on FBG

Subgroup	No. of trials	No. of participants	I² (%)	P_{heterogeneity}	Pooled SMD [95% CI]	P_effect	P_subgroup
Race
Asian	9	722	18.5	0.279	− 0.217 [− 0.364, − 0.070]	0.004	0.020
Caucasian	19	1000	24.8	0.157	− 0.448 [− 0.575, − 0.322]	< 0.001	0.020
Dose of probiotics
≤ 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day	12	643	38.8	0.082	− 0.335 [− 0.500, − 0.170]	0.003	0.412
> 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day	13	885	0.0	0.203	− 0.248 [− 0.376, − 0.119]	< 0.001	0.412
Duration of intervention
≤ 8 weeks	16	783	0.0	0.541	− 0.300 [− 0.441, − 0.158]	< 0.001	0.506
> 8 weeks	14	1044	52.9	0.010	− 0.401 [− 0.588, − 0.215]	< 0.001	0.506
Genus of probiotics
Lactobacillus	11	472	0.0	0.669	− 0.194 [− 0.376, − 0.012]	0.037	0.040
Bifidobacterium	2	160	69.9	0.068	− 0.626 [− 1.221, − 0.030]	0.039
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium	15	1071	32.1	0.111	− 0.346 [− 0.498, − 0.195]	< 0.001
Type of vehicle used to deliver the probiotics
Powder/capsule/tablet	15	1023	36.4	0.078	− 0.357 [− 0.481, − 0.232]	< 0.001	0.809
Food	13	717	35.1	0.102	− 0.333 [− 0.481, − 0.184]	< 0.001	0.809
Baseline BMI
< 30 kg/m²	16	995	2.8	0.420	− 0.218 [− 0.343, − 0.092]	0.001	0.007
≥ 30 kg/m²	12	681	40.6	0.070	− 0.490 [− 0.644, − 0.336]	< 0.001	0.007

ISSN: 1479-5876