Fig. 1
Characteristics analysis of the immune microenvironment in DMD. A Violin plots show the distributions and levels of immune cell infiltration (DMD: non-DMD = 56:26). B and C Schematic of gating strategy of flow cytometry analysis. D and E Representative flow cytometry profiles shows CD4+, CD8+, and CD11b+F4/80Hi macrophages in the skeletal muscle of mdx and C57 mice. F, G, and H Cell populations are quantified as percentage of the total number of immune cell population; (F and G) distribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%CD3+) (n = 4); (H) distribution of CD11b+F4/80Hi macrophages (%CD45+) (n = 3). I Cross sections of skeleton muscles were hematoxylin and eosin stained or immunohistochemically stained either with a mouse monoclonal antibody against CD4 or CD8 for T cells or a rat monoclonal antibody F4/80 antibody to identify macrophages. Dark-brown colored cells represent 3, 3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride positive macrophages or T cells. J, K and L Infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells or macrophages (n = 4) was quantified in three random microscopic fields using a 20 × objective. Scale bar, 50 μm. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001