Fig. 1
From: The new insights into autophagy in thyroid cancer progression
The outline of molecular mechanisms of autophagy initiation. Autophagy is critically regulated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK/mTOR signaling cascades. mTOC1 is the conjunction point of the two pathways, which ultimately initiate autophagy through ULK1 complex and VPS34 complex. This process can be inhibited by rapamycin and 3-MA