Fig. 4
From: Metformin and cancer hallmarks: shedding new lights on therapeutic repurposing
Metformin regulates diverse factors to modulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to inspire immunity in cancer. Metformin can modulate tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), Treg, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and PDL1 to increase the number and function of T cells and decrease T cell surveillance escape. Metformin can also downregulate PDL1 to increase cytotoxic T cells