Fig. 9

The critical gut microbes, SCFAs, and tryptophan metabolites that may play vital roles in the pathogenesis and progression of cirrhosis to HE. Cirrhosis causes dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and changes in metabolite concentrations in both faeces and serum. These changes result in functional alterations that ultimately contribute to the development of hepatic encephalopathy as the disease progresses. Red represents an increase; blue represents depletion