Table 1 Clinical parameters of the study cohort

Age

34.39 ± 10.12

41.63 ± 12.60

46.31 ± 10.27

52.43 ± 10.14

< 0.001^{***, a}

Male

220

207

220

78

BMI (kg/m²)

27.38 ± 5.51

31.79 ± 6.05

31.78 ± 4.92

32.52 ± 5.99

< 0.001^{***, a}

Systolic BP (mm of Hg)

106.20 ± 7.93

123.56 ± 2.81

130.72 ± 5.79

149.77 ± 10.64

< 0.001^{***, a}

Diastolic BP (mm of Hg)

63.86 ± 8.24

70.44 ± 6.89

79.27 ± 8.79

79.96 ± 11.45

< 0.001^{***, a}

Albumin(gm/L)

42.57 ± 3.26

44.46 ± 3.45

44.13 ± 3.27

43.13 ± 3.55

< 0.001^{***, a}

Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L)

70.91 ± 19.69

76.53 ± 23.22

76.46 ± 26.96

78.01 ± 21.58

< 0.001^{***, a}

ALT (GPT) (U/L)

24.72 ± 20.22

27.87 ± 19.49

29.89 ± 20.61

24.6 ± 12.93

< 0.001^{***, a}

AST(GOT)(U/L)

22.46 ± 31.66

20.8 ± 8.53

21.79 ± 12.8

19.64 ± 6.81

< 0.001^{***, a}

Bicarbonate(mmol/L)

24.66 ± 2.62

25.64 ± 2.56

25.79 ± 2.43

25.83 ± 2.35

< 0.001^{***, a}

Calcium (mmol/L)

2.31 ± 0.08

2.3 ± 0.09

2.3 ± 0.1

2.32 ± 0.09

< 0.001^{***, a}

Chloride(mmol/L)

102.8 ± 2.13

101.32 ± 2.5

101.26 ± 2.35

100.94 ± 2.66

< 0.001^{***, a}

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.99 ± 0.95

5.13 ± 1.04

5.25 ± 0.93

5.2 ± 1.18

0.002^{**, a}

C-Peptide (ng/mL)

1.91 ± 1.02

2.58 ± 1.56

2.78 ± 1.64

2.88 ± 2.26

< 0.001^{***, a}

Creatinine (umol/L)

69.33 ± 11.62

69.24 ± 14.92

70.75 ± 14.47

70.81 ± 20.97

0.315^a

Vitamin D (ng/mL)

17.42 ± 11.99

18.27 ± 10.69

18.34 ± 10.95

19.98 ± 10.72

0.002^a

Fibrinogen (gm/L)

3.22 ± 0.66

3.43 ± 0.68

3.42 ± 0.66

3.61 ± 0.74

< 0.001^{***, a}

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.73 ± 0.9

5.93 ± 2.29

6.36 ± 2.56

7.59 ± 3.85

< 0.001^{***, a}

HBA1C %

5.37 ± 0.8

5.85 ± 1.36

6.06 ± 1.26

6.76 ± 1.85

< 0.001^***a

HDL (mmol/L)

1.35 ± 0.32

1.28 ± 0.33

1.27 ± 0.36

1.31 ± 0.35

0.002^**a

Insulin (mcunit/mL)

10.19 ± 9.64

15.96 ± 15.68

16.92 ± 16.1

20.26 ± 27.27

< 0.001^***a

Iron (umol/L)

16.15 ± 6.72

15.4 ± 5.96

15.93 ± 6.19

14.13 ± 5.65

0.004^*a

LDL (mmol/L)

3.12 ± 0.9

3.19 ± 0.98

3.22 ± 0.92

3.21 ± 1.14

0.365^a

Phosphorus (mmol/L)

53.08 ± 9.92

53.02 ± 9.98

52.75 ± 9.52

54.73 ± 8.82

0.25^a

Potassium (mmol/L)

235.9 ± 71.32

248.48 ± 67.88

238.78 ± 66.64

247.6 ± 67.02

0.111^a

Sodium (mmol/L)

5.1 ± 0.54

5.15 ± 0.55

5.22 ± 0.59

5 ± 0.57

0.017^*a

TSH (mIU/L)

12.37 ± 10.86

10.58 ± 9.79

11.08 ± 8.76

8.41 ± 9.16

< 0.001^***a

Total Protein (gm/L)

68.38 ± 12.32

62.87 ± 10.04

62.13 ± 9.98

63.16 ± 10.09

< 0.001^***a

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

74.66 ± 4.25

73.87 ± 3.86

73.58 ± 3.68

73.66 ± 3.98

0.003^**a

Urea (mmol/L)

1.13 ± 0.84

1.48 ± 0.84

1.66 ± 0.97

1.55 ± 0.75

< 0.001^***a