Fig. 7

LCA alters macrophage polarization through TGR5. A–C Mice were treated with DSS for 5 days, followed by 3 days of normal drinking water, and the mice were treated with PBS or insulin intraperitoneally on day 3, day 5 and day 7. A Cytokine concentrations in the serum were measured by Luminex. B Flow cytometry analysis of the numbers of CD11b⁺Ly6C⁺Ly6G⁻ cells in the colon. C Representative images of F4/80 and iNOS immunohistochemical staining in sections of colon tissue. Scale bar = 50 μm. The supernatants of the gut contents from the PBS (normal mice), DSS + PBS and DSS + insulin groups were added to treat BMDMs, which were then treated with LPS plus IFNγ. D The levels of proinflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il12p40 and inos) and E the numbers of F4/80⁺MHC II⁺ cells were measured by qPCR and FACS, respectively. BMDMs were treated with LCA (50 μM) for 12 h and then were stimulated with IFNγ plus LPS for 4 h or 24 h. F The levels of proinflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il12p40 and inos), G numbers of F4/80⁺MHC II⁺ cells and H the cell supernatant concentrations of IL-10 and TGFβ1 were measured. BMDMs from WT mice were transfected with si-NC and si-Tgr5 for 12 h, and the cells were then stimulated with LPS/IFNγ or LCA. I The levels of proinflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il12p40 and inos), J numbers of F4/80⁺MHC II⁺ cells and K the cell supernatant concentrations of IL-10 and TGFβ1 were measured. The data represent the mean ± SD. NS, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001