Fig. 1

Insulin ameliorated colitis in the murine model. A–G WT mice were treated with DSS for 5 days, followed by 3 days of normal drinking water, and the mice were treated with PBS (n = 7) or insulin (n = 9) intraperitoneally on day 3, day 5 and day 7. B Blood glucose levels were measured on day 3. C Body weight was monitored daily after DSS administration. D DAI scores and E colon length in PBS- and insulin-treated mice with DSS-induced colitis. F Paraffin-embedded sections of PBS- and insulin-treated mouse colons were analyzed by H&E. Upper scale bar, 200 μm; lower scale bar, 100 μm. G Paraffin-embedded sections of PBS- and insulin-treated mouse colons were analyzed by PAS. Scale bar, 100 μm. H–M Mice were presensitized with topical TNBS, further sensitized via recto-transfer of TNBS, and treated with PBS or insulin on day 1, day 2 and day 3 (n = 7 in each group). I Blood glucose levels were measured on day 1. J Body weight was monitored daily after TNBS administration. K DAI scores and L colon length in PBS- and insulin-treated mice administered TNBS were measured and histologically analyzed after H&E staining. M Scale bar, 100 μm. N Paraffin-embedded sections of PBS- and insulin-treated mouse colons were analyzed by PAS. Scale bar, 100 μm. O Insulin ameliorated chronic colitis. Mice were treated with DSS and insulin, and the cycle was repeated three times (PBS = 9, insulin = 11). Colon length in PBS- and insulin-treated chronic colitis mouse models. P Paraffin-embedded sections of PBS- and insulin-treated mouse colons were analyzed by H&E. Scale bar, 50 μm. Q Paraffin-embedded sections of PBS- and insulin-treated mouse colons were analyzed by PAS staining. Scale bar, 100 μm. The data represent the mean ± SD. ***P < 0.001. The data represent the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001