Fig. 3

Two-step MR analysis identified potential intermediate phenotypes that linking omega-3 fatty acids with type 2 diabetes and potential pleiotropic pathways and/or distinct biological mechanisms in each cluster. A. Causal association of omega-3 fatty acids on potential mediators in different clusters. Estimated was presented as Z-score. FPG fasting plasma glucose, FI fasting insulin; 2 h-PG, 2 h-postload glucose, TG triglycerides, CRP, C-reactive protein, WBC white blood cell. Baso%, Basophil percentage; Eo%, Eosinophil percentage; Lymph%, Lymphocyte percentage; Mono%, Monocyte percentage; Neut%, Neutrophil percentage. B. Summary of the effect of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell dysfunction (HOMA-B) on the distinct pathways for omega-3 fatty acids on type 2 diabetes risks in the two clusters.