Fig. 3

Identification of dominant plasma cell subpopulations by single-cell analysis. A UMAP visualization of 41,894 cells across the two low-grade and six high-grade bladder cancer patients. B Dot plot showing the expression of specific cell type markers. C The expression of plasma cell marker genes. D The subclusters of PCs (upper panel) and proportions of cells across the low- and high-grade samples (lower panel). E Violin plot showing the expression of naive B- and plasma B-cell marker genes in subclusters of PCs. F The expression of selected genes in PCs. G Scatter plot showing the independent cell distribution based on the expression of IGHG1 and IGHA1 (left panel). The heatmap shows the significantly enriched pathways of IgA1 PCs and IgG1 PCs (right panel). H Pseudotime trajectory of subclusters and IGHG1/IGHA1-associated PCs. I Density plot showing the cell distribution, and curve chart showing the expression change of IGHG1 and IGHA1 along the pseudotime. J Stacked chart showing the distribution of IGHG1/IGHA1-associated PCs