Table 4 The relationship between clinicopatholgical characteristics, BMI, MUST, micronutrient level, systemic inflammatory response and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 who were not frail, stratified by CRP (n = 143)

Age (years)

0.649

 < 70

13 (81%)

40 (66%)

51 (77%)

 ≥ 70

3 (19%)

21 (34%)

15 (23%)

Sex

0.062

 Male

9 (56%)

36 (59%)

49 (74%)

 Female

7 (44%)

25 (41%)

17 (26%)

Smoking Hx

0.331

 Never

14 (87%)

40 (66%)

45 (68%)

 Ex/current

2 (13%)

21 (34%)

21 (32%)

Alcohol excess Hx

0.93

 No

15 (94%)

55 (90%)

61 (92%)

 Yes

1 (6%)

6 (10%)

5 (8%)

Hypertension

0.632

 No

9 (56%)

34 (56%)

34 (51%)

 Yes

7 (44%)

27 (44%)

32 (49%)

Heart failure

0.05

 No

12 (75%)

56 (92%)

62 (94%)

 Yes

4 (25%)

5 (8%)

4 (6%)

T2DM

0.881

 No

14 (87%)

45 (74%)

54 (82%)

 Yes

2 (13%)

16 (26%)

12 (18%)

COPD

0.809

 No

15 (94%)

56 (92%)

62 (94%)

 Yes

1 (6%)

5 (8%)

4 (6%)

Chronic renal failure

0.086

 No

14 (87%)

51 (84%)

63 (95%)

 Yes

2 (13%)

10 (16%)

3 (5%)

Liver disease

0.467

 No

14 (87%)

57 (93%)

62 (94%)

 Yes

2 (13%)

4 (7%)

4 (6%)

Active cancer

0.405

 No

14 (87%)

59 (97%)

63 (95%)

 Yes

2 (13%)

2 (3%)

3 (5%)

BMI (kg/m², n = 117)

0.161

 < 25

6 (46%)

10 (20%)

11 (21%)

 ≥ 25

7 (54%)

41 (80%)

42 (79%)

MUST (n = 129)

0.939

 Low

12 (92%)

46 (87%)

56 (89%)

 Medium–high risk

1 (8%)

7 (13%)

7 (11%)

Median red cell B1 (ng/g Hb, n = 106)

336 (251–415)

333 (269–436)

289 (218–338)

0.029

Low red cell B1 (ng/g Hb, n = 106)

0.268

 No

10 (71%)

30 (68%)

28 (58%)

 Yes

4 (29%)

14 (32%)

20 (42%)

Median red cell B2 (nmol/g of Hb, n = 36)

2.02 (1.70–3.06)

1.73 (1.39–2.00)

2.02 (1.75–2.27)

0.085

Low red cell B2 (nmol/g of Hb, n = 36)

1

 No

8 (100%)

15 (100%)

13 (100%)

 Yes

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Median red cell B6 (pmol/g of Hb, n = 36)

642 (458–1288)

387 (312–495)

422 (368–562)

0.016

Low red cell B6 (pmol/g of Hb, n = 36)

1

 No

8 (100%)

15 (100%)

13 (100%)

 Yes

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Median red cell selenium (nmol/g Hb, n = 108)

6.64 (5.84–7.42)

5.63 (4.88–6.46)

6.10 (5.18–6.99)

0.055

Low red cell selenium (nmol/g Hb, n = 108)

1

 No

14 (100%)

46 (100%)

48 (100%)

 Yes

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Median plasma selenium (µmol/L, n = 132)

0.92 (0.46–1.00)

0.89 (0.60–1.06)

0.83 (0.59–0.96)

0.106

Low plasma selenium (µmol/L, n = 132)

0.925

 No

8 (53%)

34 (63%)

36 (57%)

 Yes

7 (47%)

20 (37%)

27 (43%)

Median serum vitamin B12 (ng/L, n = 131)

338 (253–453)

544 (282–846)

523 (361–1041)

0.895

Low serum vitamin B12 (ng/L, n = 131)

0.229

 No

13 (87%)

53 (98%)

60 (97%)

 Yes

2 (13%)

1 (2%)

2 (3%)

Median serum vitamin D (nmol/L, n = 46)

36 (15–73)

31 (19–63)

32 (21–65)

0.599

Low serum vitamin D (nmol/L, n = 46)

0.909

 No

1 (20%)

9 (39%)

5 (28%)

 Yes

4 (80%)

14 (61%)

13 (72%)

Median serum magnesium (mmol/L, n = 132)

0.80 (0.72–0.86)

0.80 (0.73–0.87)

0.87 (0.80–0.93)

< 0.001

Low serum magnesium (mmol/L, n = 132)

0.015

 No

11 (73%)

41 (74%)

57 (92%)

 Yes

4 (27%)

14 (26%)

5 (8%)

Median plasma copper (µmol/L, n = 132)

17 (13–22)

19 (16–23)

22 (19–25)

0.006

High plasma copper (µmol/L, n = 132)

0.01

 No

12 (80%)

38 (70%)

32 (51%)

 Yes

3 (20%)

16 (30%)

31 (49%)

Median (IQR) serum LDH (U/L, n = 132)

198 (133–283)

211 (164–269)

296 (220–379)

< 0.001

Serum LDH (U/L, n = 132)

0.001

 ≤ 240

5 (33%)

21 (38%)

42 (68%)

 > 240

10 (67%)

34 (62%)

20 (32%)

Median (IQR) serum albumin (g/L)

38 (34–40)

36 (32–39)

32 (29–33)

< 0.001

Serum albumin (g/L)

< 0.001

 ≥ 35

12 (75%)

38 (62%)

11 (17%)

 < 35

4 (25%)

23 (38%)

55 (83%)

Oxygen requirement

0.004

 No

13 (81%)

48 (79%)

36 (54%)

 Yes

3 (19%)

13 (21%)

30 (46%)

ITU admission

0.431

 No

14 (87%)

56 (92%)

56 (85%)

 Yes

2 (13%)

5 (8%)

10 (15%)

30-day mortality

0.166

 No

15 (94%)

55 (90%)

55 (83%)

 Yes

1 (6%)

6 (10%)

11 (17%)