Table 3 The relationship between frailty status and clinicopatholgical characteristics, BMI, MUST, micronutrient level, systemic inflammatory response and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 (n = 281)

Age (years)

< 0.001

 < 70

104 (73%)

22 (16%)

 ≥ 70

39 (27%)

116 (84%)

Sex

0.113

 Male

94 (66%)

78 (56%)

 Female

49 (34%)

60 (44%)

Smoking Hx

0.02

 Never

99 (69%)

77 (56%)

 Ex/current

44 (31%)

61 (44%)

Alcohol excess Hx

0.481

 No

131 (92%)

123 (89%)

 Yes

12 (8%)

15 (11%)

Hypertension

0.211

 No

77 (54%)

64 (46%)

 Yes

66 (46%)

74 (54%)

Heart failure

< 0.001

 No

130 (91%)

105 (76%)

 Yes

13 (9%)

33 (24%)

T2DM

< 0.001

 No

113 (79%)

81 (59%)

 Yes

30 (21%)

57 (41%)

COPD

< 0.001

 No

133 (93%)

105 (76%)

 Yes

10 (7%)

33 (24%)

Chronic renal failure

< 0.001

 No

128 (89%)

90 (65%)

 Yes

15 (11%)

48 (35%)

Liver disease

0.13

 No

133 (93%)

121 (88%)

 Yes

10 (7%)

17 (12%)

Active cancer

0.002

 No

136 (95%)

116 (84%)

 Yes

7 (5%)

22 (16%)

BMI (kg/m², n = 229)

< 0.001

 < 25

27 (23%)

59 (53%)

 ≥ 25

90 (77%)

53 (47%)

MUST (n = 255)

0.071

 Low

114 (88%)

101 (80%)

 Medium–high risk

15 (12%)

25 (20%)

Median red cell vitamin B1 (ng/g Hb, n = 194)

304 (243–389)

362 (277–490)

< 0.001

Low red cell vitamin B1 (ng/g Hb, n = 194)

0.071

 No

68 (64%)

67 (76%)

 Yes

38 (36%)

21 (24%)

Median red cell vitamin B2 (nmol/g of Hb, n = 64)

1.93 (1.70–2.12)

2.32 (1.90–2.78)

0.013

Low red cell vitamin B2 (nmol/g of Hb, n = 64)

1

 No

36 (100%)

28 (100%)

 Yes

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Median red cell vitamin B6 (pmol/g of Hb, n = 64)

443 (362–549)

478 (352–608)

0.771

Low red cell vitamin B6 (pmol/g of Hb, n = 64)

0.188

 No

36 (100%)

26 (93%)

 Yes

0 (0%)

2 (7%)

Median red cell selenium (nmol/g Hb, n = 198)

5.84 (5.02–6.93)

5.44 (4.65–6.04)

0.004

Low red cell selenium (nmol/g Hb, n = 198)

1

 No

108 (100%)

90 (100%)

 Yes

0 (0%)

0 (%)

Median plasma selenium (µmol/L, n = 262)

0.86 (0.59–1.00)

0.66 (0.54–0.84)

< 0.001

Low plasma selenium (µmol/L, n = 262)

< 0.001

 No

78 (59%)

41 (31%)

 Yes

54 (41%)

89 (69%)

Median serum vitamin B12 (ng/L, n = 262)

496 (297–862)

448 (290–790)

0.307

Low serum vitamin B12 (ng/L, n = 262)

1

 No

126 (96%)

125 (95%)

 Yes

5 (4%)

6 (5%)

Median serum vitamin D (nmol/L, n = 111)

32 (19–62)

27 (16–77)

0.813

Low serum vitamin D (nmol/L, n = 111)

0.427

 No

15 (33%)

26 (40%)

 Yes

31 (67%)

39 (60%)

Median serum magnesium (mmol/L, n = 264)

0.83 (0.77–0.90)

0.78 (0.70–0.85)

< 0.001

Low serum magnesium (mmol/L, n = 264)

< 0.001

 No

109 (83%)

85 (64%)

 Yes

23 (17%)

47 (36%)

Median plasma copper (µmol/L, n = 262)

20 (16–24)

20 (17–23)

0.391

High plasma copper (µmol/L, n = 262)

0.226

 No

82 (62%)

90 (69%)

 Yes

50 (38%)

40 (31%)

Median (IQR) serum LDH (U/L, n = 264)

234 (177–341)

193 (160–252)

< 0.001

Serum LDH (U/L, n = 264)

0.001

 ≤ 240

68 (51%)

42 (32%)

 > 240

64 (49%)

90 (68%)

Median (IQR) serum CRP (mg/L)

69 (24–146)

51 (17–109)

0.072

Serum CRP (mg/L)

0.05

 ≤ 10

16 (11%)

23 (17%)

 Nov-80

61 (43%)

66 (48%)

 > 80

66 (46%)

49 (35%)

Median (IQR) serum albumin (g/L)

33 (30–37)

31 (27–34)

< 0.001

Serum albumin (g/L)

< 0.001

 ≥ 35

61 (43%)

31 (23%)

 < 35

82 (57%)

107 (77%)

Oxygen requirement

0.093

 No

97 (68%)

106 (77%)

 Yes

46 (32%)

32 (23%)

ITU admission

0.187

 No

126 (88%)

128 (93%)

 Yes

17 (12%)

10 (7%)

30-day mortality

< 0.001

 No

125 (87%)

79 (57%)

 Yes

18 (13%)

59 (43%)