Fig. 5

DCA curve analysis of the ML models in the development and validation datasets. DCA: decision curve analysis; KNN k-nearest neighbors; LR logistic regression; NB naive bayes; RF random forest; SVM-linear linear support vector machine; SVM-nonlinear non-linear support vector machine; DT decision tree; GBDT gradient boosting decision tree; MLP multiplayer perception; XGB extreme gradient boosting machine