Fig. 4

Contribution analysis to the prediction of the GBDT and XGB models in the training dataset using the SHAP technique. The higher the ranking, the more important the characteristics; each point is a patient and the color gradient from red to blue corresponds to the high- to low-value of this feature. The point on the left side of the digital baseline (with a SHAP value of 0) represents a negative contribution to suffering from CAS, while the point on the right represents a positive contribution. The farther from the baseline, the greater the impact. CAS: carotid atherosclerosis; GBDT: gradient boosting decision tree; SHAP: SHapley Additive exPlanations; XGB: extreme gradient boosting machine; ALB Albumin; ALP Alkaline phosphatase; DBP Diastolic blood pressure; FSG Fasting serum glucose; GGT Gammaglutamyl transpeptidase; LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Non-HDL-C Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC Total cholesterol