Table 2 Role of dietary lipids in gut microbiota in T2DM
From: The roles of dietary lipids and lipidomics in gut-brain axis in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Dietary lipids | Effects on the gut microbiota | Outcomes of glucose homeostasis | References |
|---|---|---|---|
High fat | Gut microbiota diversity ↓ Gram-negative bacteria ↑ Bifidobacterium ↓ Desulfovibrio ↑ Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio ↑ Intestinal mucus thickness ↓ LPS translocation ↑ Intestinal permeability ↑ Metabolic endotoxemia ↑ Proinflammatory cytokines ↑ Low-grade inflammation ↑ | GLP-1 release ↓ Pancreatic β-cell function ↓ Hyperinsulinemia ↑ Hyperglycemia ↑ Glucose intolerance ↑ Insulin resistance ↑ T2DM ↑ | |
Saturated fatty acids | Gut microbiota diversity ↓ Firmicutes ↑ Bacteroidetes ↓ Proteobacteria ↑ Bifidobacterium ↓ Akkermansia muciniphila ↓ Lactobacillus ↓ Intestinal mucus thickness ↓ Intestinal permeability ↑ Butyrate production ↓ Systemic inflammation ↑ | Insulin sensitivity ↓ Glucose intolerance ↑ Insulin resistance ↑ T2DM ↑ | |
Omega 3 fatty acids | Gut microbiota diversity ↑ Enterobacteriaceae ↓ Bifidobacterium ↑ Akkermansia ↑ Firmicutes ↓ Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio ↓ LPS translocation ↓ Proinflammatory cytokines ↓ Intestinal inflammation ↓ SCFA production ↑ Metabolic endotoxemia ↓ | Insulin resistance ↓ T2DM ↓ | |
Omega 6 fatty acids | Gut microbiota diversity ↓ Firmicutes ↑ Actinobacteria ↑ Proteobacteria ↑ Bacteroidetes ↓ SCFA production ↓ Secondary bile acid production ↑ | Glucose intolerance ↑ T2DM ↑ |