Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the analyzed sample
Level | Non-exposed | Exposed | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
n | 1129 | 1129 | Â |
Female (%) | 574 (50.8) | 574 (50.8) | 1.000 |
Age (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 < 45 yr | 783 (69.4) | 783 (69.4) | 1.000 |
 45-65 yr | 248 (22.0) | 248 (22.0) | |
 > 65 yr | 98 (8.7) | 98 (8.7) | |
Race (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Black | 319 (28.3) | 319 (28.3) | 1.000 |
 Other | 31 (2.7) | 31 (2.7) | |
 White | 779 (69.0) | 779 (69.0) | |
PIR (mean (SD)) | 2.86 (1.82) | 2.84 (1.83) | 0.778 |
Smokers (%) | 561 (49.7) | 596 (52.8) | 0.152 |
BMI (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Underweight | 47 (4.2) | 6 (0.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Normal | 766 (67.9) | 266 (23.6) | |
 Overweight | 299 (26.5) | 434 (38.4) | |
 Obese | 16 (1.4) | 423 (37.5) | |
No. Of MetS factors (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 0 | 1129 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |  < 0.001 |
 1 | 0 (0.0) | 441 (39.1) | |
 2 | 0 (0.0) | 318 (28.2) | |
 3 | 0 (0.0) | 206 (18.2) | |
 4 | 0 (0.0) | 109 (9.7) | |
 5 | 0 (0.0) | 55 (4.9) | |
Increased WC (%) | 0 (0.0) | 628 (55.6) |  < 0.001 |
High TG (%) | 0 (0.0) | 429 (38.0) |  < 0.001 |
Low HDL (%) | 0 (0.0) | 566 (50.1) |  < 0.001 |
High BP (%) | 0 (0.0) | 406 (36.0) |  < 0.001 |
High glucose (%) | 0 (0.0) | 377 (33.4) |  < 0.001 |
Periodontitis (%) | 222 (19.7) | 259 (22.9) | 0.064 |
Periodontal status (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Healthy | 705 (62.4) | 610 (54.0) |  < 0.001 |
 Gingivitis | 202 (17.9) | 260 (23.0) | |
 Stable periodontitis | 143 (12.7) | 137 (12.1) | |
 Active periodontitis | 79 (7.0) | 122 (10.8) | |
PISA (mean (SD)) | 30.36 (61.21) | 43.17 (79.81) |  < 0.001 |
PPD (mean (SD)) | 2.35 (0.45) | 2.43 (0.50) |  < 0.001 |
CAL (mean (SD)) | 2.03 (0.91) | 2.08 (0.90) | 0.220 |
BoP (mean (SD)) | 7.44 (12.61) | 10.13 (15.06) |  < 0.001 |
Gingival bleeding (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 No BoP | 596 (52.8) | 517 (45.8) |  < 0.001 |
 BoP < 10% | 252 (22.3) | 230 (20.4) | |
 BoP ≥ 10% | 281 (24.9) | 382 (33.8) | |
Diabetics (%) | 0 (0.0) | 74 (6.6) |  < 0.001 |
Diabetics on insulin (%) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (28.8) |  < 0.001 |
SBP (mean (SD)) | 115.53 (12.76) | 124.29 (16.63) |  < 0.001 |
DBP (mean (SD)) | 71.83 (8.14) | 77.73 (10.25) |  < 0.001 |
Hypertensives (%) | 0 (0.0) | 328 (29.2) |  < 0.001 |
Hypertensives on HT pills (%) | 0 (0.0) | 158 (76.3) |  < 0.001 |
BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg | 280 (24.8) | 570 (50.5) |  < 0.001 |
BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg | 55 (4.9) | 239 (21.2) |  < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Normal | 1023 (91.0) | 851 (75.7) |  < 0.001 |
 Pre-diabetes | 99 (8.8) | 188 (16.7) | |
 Diabetes | 2 (0.2) | 85 (7.6) | |
WBC (mean (SD)) | 6.72 (2.01) | 7.26 (2.20) |  < 0.001 |
Lymphocytes (mean (SD)) | 2.16 (0.65) | 2.35 (0.90) |  < 0.001 |
Monocytes (mean (SD)) | 0.38 (0.18) | 0.42 (0.21) |  < 0.001 |
Granulocytes (mean (SD)) | 4.18 (1.65) | 4.49 (1.77) |  < 0.001 |
RBC (mean (SD)) | 4.62 (0.46) | 4.73 (0.48) |  < 0.001 |
Hb (mean (SD)) | 13.96 (1.41) | 14.10 (1.53) | 0.021 |
HTC (mean (SD)) | 41.42 (3.89) | 41.76 (4.15) | 0.047 |
PLT (mean (SD)) | 262.51 (63.12) | 274.01 (72.93) |  < 0.001 |
Ferritin (mean (SD)) | 113.32 (119.85) | 145.10 (150.36) |  < 0.001 |
LDL-c (mean (SD)) | 117.59 (32.28) | 129.59 (33.99) |  < 0.001 |
HDL-c (mean (SD)) | 60.81 (14.27) | 47.27 (14.89) |  < 0.001 |
CRP (mean (SD)) | 0.30 (0.43) | 0.49 (0.99) |  < 0.001 |
Glucose (mean (SD)) | 87.03 (7.18) | 101.25 (35.55) |  < 0.001 |
Creatinine (mean (SD)) | 1.06 (0.18) | 1.07 (0.22) | 0.068 |
Cholesterol (mean (SD)) | 199.25 (36.22) | 210.57 (40.85) |  < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mean (SD)) | 80.67 (27.73) | 153.61 (110.03) |  < 0.001 |