Fig. 1

Kaempferol suppressed the proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and limited the tumor-forming, invasion, and migration capacities of both ER-subtype human endometrial cancer cells. A Kaempferol inhibited human endometrial cancer cells' proliferation (ER-positive AN3 CA and Ishikawa, ER-negative HEC-1-A and HEC-1-B EC cells) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. B The IC50 values of kaempferol at 48 h were 6.38, 24.35, 35.62, 38.31, 69.87, 104.90, 266.10, and 383.60 μg·mL⁻¹ for AN3 CA, Ishikawa, HEC-1-A, HEC-1-B, CCD 841 CoN, WRL 68, MRC-5 and human monocytes, respectively. C–D Kaempferol significantly inhibited AN3 CA cell colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. E The early apoptotic cells and late-stage apoptotic cells of EC cells (AN3 CA, Ishikawa, HEC-1-A, and HEC-1-B) were both increased after treatment with kaempferol in a dose-dependent manner. F Kaempferol induced cell apoptosis by elevating the expression of cleaved CASP3 and cleaved CASP9 in a dose-dependent manner. G Kaempferol inhibited EC cells’ wound healing in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In a concentration-dependent manner, kaempferol inhibited migration H–I and invasion J–K. The results are presented as means and standard deviations (SDs) from triplicate experiments. Kae: Kaempferol; Compared with the negative control, ^{*, #}P < 0.05, ^{**, ##}P < 0.01, ^{***, ###}P < 0.001