Fig. 3

rMSA increased glycolysis and upregulated glycolysis-related proteins in hepatocytes. A Pathway enrichment analysis of upregulated genes in the livers of rMSA-treated db/db mice compared with saline-treated db/db mice for 9 weeks (n = 3 per group). B Volcanic map showing the protein levels identified by quantitative mass spectrometry in the livers of db/db mice (n = 3 per group) treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. The blue and red dots on the outside of the blue and red vertical dashed lines respectively show proteins with down-regulation and up-regulation by 2 times with an adjusted p < 0.05 (above the gray horizontal dashed line) in the rMSA group compared with the saline control. The two remarkably up-regulated proteins (HK4 and PKLR) are marked. C Metabolic profile on AML12 hepatocytes (n = 11 per group) with or without rMSA (600 μM) treatments for 6 h as measured by Seahorse glycolytic stress assay. The corresponding AUC of each treatment is shown. D Isotope tracing of [U-13C]-glucose metabolism in AML12 hepatocytes (n = 3 per group) treated with vehicle, insulin (10 nM, 6 h), rMSA (600 μM, 6 h), and insulin (10 nM, 6 h) + rMSA (600 μM, 6 h). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (C) and unpaired t-tests (C). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001