Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all participants
Characteristics | Total samples (N = 30275) | Types of grains | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total rice (N = 22570) | Coarse cereals (N = 1317) | Wheat (N = 6388) | P | ||
Age (years, mean ± SD)a | 87 ± 11 | 87 ± 11 | 88 ± 11 | 87 ± 11 | 0.001 |
Body weight (kg, mean ± SD)a | 49 ± 11 | 48 ± 11 | 50 ± 12 | 52 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
Intakes of grains (g/d, mean ± SD)a | 300 ± 130 | 290 ± 120 | 340 ± 140 | 340 ± 140 | < 0.001 |
Sex (n (%))b | 0.052 | ||||
Male | 13029(43) | 9681(43) | 535(41) | 2813(44) | |
Female | 17246(57) | 12889(57) | 782(59) | 3575(56) | |
Marital status (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Married | 9158(30) | 6706(30) | 374(28) | 2078(33) | |
Divorced | 153(0.5) | 130(0.6) | 3(0.2) | 20(0.3) | |
Widowed | 20632(68) | 15476(69) | 928(70) | 4228(66) | |
Unmarried | 332(1.1) | 258(1.1) | 12(0.9) | 62(1.0) | |
Living areas (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Urban | 12173(40) | 9618(43) | 531(40) | 2024(32) | |
Rural | 18102(60) | 12952(57) | 786(60) | 4364(68) | |
Education (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Illiteracy | 19138(63) | 13832(61) | 898(68) | 4408(69) | |
Primary school or above | 11137(37) | 8738(39) | 419(32) | 1980(31) | |
Ethnicity (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Han | 28283(93.4) | 20959(92.9) | 1149(87.2) | 6175(96.7) | |
Others | 1992(6.6) | 1611(7.1) | 168(12.8) | 213(3.3) | |
Smoking status (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Current | 5747(19) | 4222(19) | 232(18) | 1293(20) | |
Former | 4240(14) | 3069(14) | 153(12) | 1018(16) | |
Never | 20288(67) | 15279(67) | 932(70) | 4077(64) | |
Alcohol consumer status (n (%))b | 0.78 | ||||
Yes | 6280(21) | 4700(21) | 265(20) | 1315(21) | |
No | 23995(79) | 17870(79) | 1052(80) | 5073(79) | |
Physical activity (n (%))b | 0.13 | ||||
Current | 8765(29) | 6533(29) | 400(30) | 1832(29) | |
Former | 1993(6.6) | 1529(6.8) | 81(6.2) | 383(6.0) | |
Never | 19517(64) | 14508(64) | 836(63) | 4173(65) | |
Dietary pattern (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Unfavorable | 7426(25) | 5471(24) | 339(26) | 1616(25) | |
Intermediate | 13506(45) | 10678(47) | 553(42) | 2275(36) | |
Favorable | 9343(30) | 6421(29) | 425(32) | 2497(39) | |
Lifestyle profiles (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Unhealthy | 3622(12) | 2598(12) | 142(11) | 882(14) | |
Intermediate | 18268(60) | 13691(61) | 787(60) | 3790(59) | |
Healthy | 8385(28) | 6281(27) | 388(29) | 1716(27) | |
Self-reported health (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
Poor | 3857(13) | 2879(13) | 145(11) | 833(13) | |
Fair | 10230(34) | 8007(35) | 442(34) | 1781(28) | |
Good | 16188(53) | 11684(52) | 730(55) | 3774(59) | |
History of hypertension (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 12665(42) | 9743(43) | 567(43) | 2355(37) | |
Yes | 17610(58) | 12827(57) | 750(57) | 4033(63) | |
History of diabetes (n (%))b | 0.002 | ||||
No | 29721(98.2) | 22174(98.3) | 1276(96.9) | 6271(98.2) | |
Yes | 554(1.8) | 396(1.7) | 41(3.1) | 117(1.8) | |
History of CVD (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 29106(96.1) | 21813(96.7) | 1260(95.7) | 6033(94.4) | |
Yes | 1169(3.9) | 757(3.3) | 57(4.3) | 355(5.6) | |
History of coronary heart disease (n (%))b | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 27987(92.4) | 20951(92.8) | 1178(89.5) | 5858(91.7) | |
Yes | 2288(7.6) | 1619(7.2) | 139(10.5) | 530(8.3) | |