Fig. 4

VEGF-A enhances the cytotoxic function of CD4 CTLs via VEGF-R1/R2. A The representative tSNE plots showed the proportions of GrmB⁺ (red), GrmA⁺ (yellow) and Prf⁺ (blue) in CD4 CTLs (gray). B–D The quantification of the ratio of B GrmB⁺, C GrmA⁺ and D Prf⁺ cells in CD4 CTLs was shown in the bar plots (N = 3). Blue was CON, red for VEGF-A treated, light gray for VEGF-A + anti-VEGF-R1 neutralizing antibody, dark gray for VEGF-A + anti-VEGF-R2 neutralizing antibody and black for VEGF-A + anti-VEGF-R1 + anti-VEGF-R2 neutralizing antibody group. Error bars showed SEM. The data were representative of at least three biological replicates. CON: control; Grm: granzyme; Prf: perforin. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001