Presence of depression and anxiety with distinct patterns of pharmacological treatments before the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome: a population-based study in Taiwan

Table 4 Conditional logical regression measured odds ratios of chronic fatigue syndrome with different treatments stratified by age

Variable	Control		CFS		Odds ratio				Multiple comparisons
	Control		CFS		Crude (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted (95% CI)	p-value	p-value
	Age ≤ 34 y/o
	No	Yes	No	Yes
SSRI					1.72 (1.26,2.35)***	< 0.001	1.01 (0.68,1.48)	0.977	0.075
No	4678	1180	4367	1140
Yes	380	68	686	113
SNRI					2.61 (1.34,5.11)**	0.005	1.37 (0.64,2.92)	0.413	0.032
No	4975	1236	4887	1222
Yes	83	12	166	31
SARI					3.03 (1.79,5.12)***	< 0.001	1.64 (0.92,2.92)	0.095	0.007
No	4823	1229	4435	1197
Yes	235	19	618	56
TCAs					3.21 (1.17,8.80)*	0.023	2.11 (0.68,6.49)	0.194	0.015
No	4984	1243	4910	1237
Yes	74	5	143	16
BZD					1.69 (1.44,1.98)***	< 0.001	1.37 (1.16,1.63)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	1625	703	809	543
Yes	3433	545	4244	710
NDRI					2.67 (0.71,10.07)	0.148	0.53 (0.09,2.98)	0.473	0.036
No	5029	1245	5002	1245
Yes	29	3	51	8
Muscle relaxant					3.61 (1.71,7.59)***	< 0.001	3.14 (1.45,6.79)**	0.004	< 0.001
No	4944	1239	4825	1221
Yes	114	9	228	32
Analgesic drug					2.37 (1.84,3.05)***	< 0.001	2.25 (1.73,2.92)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	1349	211	336	99
Yes	3709	1037	4717	1154
Supportive individual psychotherapy					0.97 (0.69,1.36)	0.843	0.97 (0.68,1.39)	0.884	0.068
No	4816	1177	4779	1184
Yes	242	71	274	69
Re-educative individual psychotherapy					1.03 (0.72,1.46)	0.875	1.04 (0.72,1.49)	0.849	0.065
No	4838	1184	4795	1187
Yes	220	64	258	66
Stretching exercise					0.92 (0.68,1.26)	0.615	0.93 (0.67,1.28)	0.659	0.051
No	4749	1160	4708	1171
Yes	309	88	345	82
Therapeutic exercise					0.82 (0.64,1.06)	0.133	0.83 (0.64,1.07)	0.152	0.012
No	4564	1099	4483	1127
Yes	494	149	570	126
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness					0.80 (0.45,1.43)	0.454	0.80 (0.44,1.46)	0.473	0.036
No	4961	1222	4970	1232
Yes	97	26	83	21

	Age 35–64 y/o
	No	Yes	No	Yes
SSRI					1.97 (1.71,2.27)***	< 0.001	1.24 (1.04,1.47)*	0.016	0.001
No	1338	4520	1256	4251
Yes	133	315	215	584
SNRI					1.84 (1.39,2.44)***	< 0.001	1.08 (0.79,1.48)	0.619	0.048
No	1453	4758	1414	4695
Yes	18	77	57	140
SARI					2.93 (2.45,3.51)***	< 0.001	1.90 (1.56,2.31)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	1386	4666	1261	4371
Yes	85	169	210	464
TCAs					2.41 (1.71,3.38)***	< 0.001	1.80 (1.26,2.58)**	0.001	< 0.001
No	1440	4787	1426	4721
Yes	31	48	45	114
BZD					2.12 (1.94,2.31)***	< 0.001	1.57 (1.42,1.73)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	268	2060	97	1255
Yes	1203	2775	1374	3580
NDRI					1.93 (1.19,3.13)**	0.008	0.89 (0.52,1.51)	0.655	0.050
No	1464	4810	1460	4787
Yes	7	25	11	48
Muscle relaxant					2.09 (1.61,2.70)***	< 0.001	1.72 (1.31,2.25)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	1437	4746	1393	4653
Yes	34	89	78	182
Analgesic drug					3.62 (3.18,4.12)***	< 0.001	2.94 (2.57,3.37)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	523	1037	96	339
Yes	948	3798	1375	4496
Supportive individual psychotherapy					1.04 (0.87,1.25)	0.648	1.04 (0.86,1.26)	0.657	0.051
No	1406	4587	1386	4577
Yes	65	248	85	258
Re-educative individual psychotherapy					1.09 (0.91,1.32)	0.343	1.10 (0.90,1.33)	0.350	0.027
No	1411	4611	1391	4591
Yes	60	224	80	244
Stretching exercise					1.06 (0.90,1.24)	0.512	1.06 (0.90,1.26)	0.475	0.037
No	1384	4525	1370	4509
Yes	87	310	101	326
Therapeutic exercise					1.06 (0.93,1.20)	0.411	1.06 (0.92,1.21)	0.408	0.031
No	1332	4331	1304	4306
Yes	139	504	167	529
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness					0.83 (0.62,1.12)	0.227	0.86 (0.63,1.17)	0.337	0.026
No	1445	4738	1448	4754
Yes	26	97	23	81

	Age ≥ 65 y/o
	No	Yes	No	Yes
SSRI					1.72 (1.37,2.17)***	< 0.001	1.13 (0.86,1.47)	0.379	0.029
No	4520	1338	4251	1256
Yes	315	133	584	215
SNRI					3.25 (1.91,5.55)***	< 0.001	2.15 (1.22,3.81)**	0.009	0.001
No	4758	1453	4695	1414
Yes	77	18	140	57
SARI					2.72 (2.09,3.53)***	< 0.001	1.93 (1.46,2.57)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	4666	1386	4371	1261
Yes	169	85	464	210
TCAs					1.47 (0.92,2.33)	0.106	0.99 (0.60,1.64)	0.981	< 0.001
No	4787	1440	4721	1426
Yes	48	31	114	45
BZD					3.16 (2.47,4.03)***	< 0.001	1.95 (1.5,2.54)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	2060	268	1255	97
Yes	2775	1203	3580	1374
NDRI					1.58 (0.61,4.08)	0.348	0.68 (0.24,1.95)	0.475	0.037
No	4810	1464	4787	1460
Yes	25	7	48	11
Muscle relaxant					2.37 (1.57,3.56)***	< 0.001	1.94 (1.26,2.98)**	0.003	< 0.001
No	4746	1437	4653	1393
Yes	89	34	182	78
Analgesic drug					7.90 (6.26,9.97)***	< 0.001	7.00 (5.43,9.04)***	< 0.001	< 0.001
No	1037	523	339	96
Yes	3798	948	4496	1375
Supportive individual psychotherapy					1.33 (0.95,1.85)	0.095	1.29 (0.90,1.83)	0.161	0.012
No	4587	1406	4577	1386
Yes	248	65	258	85
Re-educative individual psychotherapy					1.35 (0.96,1.91)	0.084	1.31 (0.91,1.89)	0.144	0.011
No	4611	1411	4591	1391
Yes	224	60	244	80
Stretching exercise					1.17 (0.87,1.58)	0.292	1.11 (0.81,1.52)	0.512	0.039
No	4525	1384	4509	1370
Yes	310	87	326	101
Therapeutic exercise					1.23 (0.97,1.56)	0.091	1.19 (0.92,1.53)	0.186	0.014
No	4331	1332	4306	1304
Yes	504	139	529	167
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness					0.88 (0.50,1.55)	0.666	0.83 (0.46,1.52)	0.547	0.042
No	4738	1445	4754	1448
Yes	97	26	81	23

CFS chronic fatigue syndrome, CI confidence interval, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SNRI serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, SARI serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor, TCA tricyclic antidepressants, BZD benzodiazepine
^*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001

ISSN: 1479-5876