Fig. 1

Compositional alteration of gut microbiota in AMR after kidney transplantation. Gut microbiota in AMR and control groups were analyzed with metagenomics. A Chao 1, Shannon, ACE, Simpson indexes of alpha diversity. B Beta-diversity calculated by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) using Bray–Curtis distances for gut microbiota in each group. C Contribution of dominant phyla and genera in each group. D Venn diagram illustrating the species in gut microbiota in each group. E Histogram illustrating the differential species significant changed in AMR group compared to control group (fold change ≥ 1.5 or ≤ 0.67; P < 0.05). F LDA effect size (LEfSe) analysis of gut microbial species in AMR group compared to control group (LDA > 2; P < 0.05). Left panel: a cladogram representation of the taxonomic groups in fecal specimens associated with AMR and controls; right panel: association of specific species with AMR and control groups. Ctrl, control; AMR, antibody-mediated rejection