Fig. 3

Activated subpopulations expressing CD69 are increased among naive CD4⁺ T cells in patients with Chagas disease. A tSNE plots depict CD4⁺ T cells in gray and the FlowSOM population number 30 (MC1) in yellow from controls and infected patients in different stages of Chagas disease (A, B1, B2-C-D). B Frequency of MC1 in CD4⁺ T cells. Bars represent median and interquartile range. Asterisks represent significant differences between the assigned group and controls. Asterisks over connecting lines represent significant differences between the assigned groups. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. C Representative dot plots show the expression of CCR7, CD27, and CD69 (x-axis) by CD45RO (y-axis) from controls and infected patients in different stages of Chagas disease (A, B1, B2-C-D): CD4⁺ T cells in gray and MC1 in yellow. D Histograms represent the expression of CD69, CD95, and CD28 (x-axis) in CD4⁺ T cells in gray and the MC1 in yellow. In each histogram, the population represented in gray or yellow is scaled by the total events of each population (% of total, y-axis)