Fig. 2

Effect of empagliflozin on the protein expression profile in the kidney of db/db mice. A Volcano plot showing the 501 differentially expressed proteins in the kidney of db/db mice, compared with the db/m group (all points meet |fold change|> 1.5, adjusted p < 0.05; among them, red and blue points have |fold change|> 2). Metabolism-related proteins were highlighted in the plot. B Left, Module plot depicting gene changes among groups (Minimum fold change for gene screening = 1.5). The red module shows 317 trend proteins up-regulated in the db/db group and down-regulated after empagliflozin therapy. The green module shows 259 trend proteins down-regulated in the db/db group and up-regulated after empagliflozin therapy; Right, venn plot showing the intersection of significantly changed proteins (|fold change|> 1.5, and adjusted p < 0.05) in the db/db and Empa groups and the above trend proteins. C Heatmap depicting the expression levels of the 32 potential target proteins regulated by empagliflozin. Key proteins that were reported to be associated with diabetes or/and diabetic nephropathy were marked with red. D KEGG pathway identification of the differentially expressed proteins in the kidney of db/db mice. E Go enrichment of changed proteins in the Empa group