Fig. 1

Tumor cells from solid LUADs create a more anoxic and acidic tumor microenvironment. A. Differentially enriched hallmarks (top) and KEGG pathways (bottom) between tumor cells from solid and acinar samples revealed by GSVA. B. Violin plots showing enrichment scores of tumor proliferating rate and hypoxia signatures by histologic subtypes in the TCGA LUAD cohort. Global differences were measured by the Kruskal–Wallis test. C. Violin plots of upregulated genes in solid LUAD tumor cells. D. Boxplots showing mRNA expression of HIF1A, LDHA, UBE2S and UBE2C by histologic subtypes in the TCGA LUAD cohort. Box centerlines, median; box limits, the 25th and 75th percentiles; box whiskers, 1.5 × the interquartile range. Comparisons were performed using two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, n s not significant). E–H. Violin plots showing enrichment scores of glycolysis (E), lactate transmembrane transporter activity (F), checkpoint molecules (G) and ubiquitin mediated proteolysis (H) signatures by histologic subtypes in the TCGA LUAD cohort. Global differences were measured by the Kruskal–Wallis test