Fig. 1

A (lower) Heatmap analysis comparing fold change for protein biomarker levels in baseline samples of COVID-19 patients versus age/sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Analytes are ordered along the x-axis by P-value significance (P < 0.05) based on their positive and negative FC (> 1.5×) relative to HC. A (middle) Fold change of analytes dysregulated in baseline COVID-19 patients relative to HCs over time between Steroid and SOC treated patients. A (top) Correlations of biomarkers and clinical assessments (i.e., WHO Ordinal scale, inflammatory signals (d-dimer, Ferritin), and blood cell counts) are shown for baseline samples of COVID-19 patients. B (left) Heatmap analysis of fold change of IgG levels for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antigens over time between Steroid and SOC treated patients. B (right) Correlations of biomarkers with IgG levels for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antigens over time. Red or blue represents significantly upregulated or downregulated markers, respectively, between 1.5× and 4× (light shade), 4×–8× (medium shade), or > 8× (dark shade). Orange or green represents significantly positive or negative correlated markers, respectively, between 0.3 < Cor < 0.5 (light shade), 0.5 < Cor < 0.7 (medium shade), or Cor > 0.7 (dark shade). “_I” or “_C” refers to analytes measured by Olink Inflammation I panel or Cardiovascular II panel, respectively