Fig. 1

Dose–response using restricted cubic spline model for the association between total fiber intake and mortality from all causes (A), cardiovascular disease (B) and cancer (C). Solid line represents point estimates and dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable risk estimate was calculated by restricted cubic spline regression (using 3 knots at 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles) adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, education, smoking status, marital status, alcohol drinking status, and total energy intake. The histograms show the percentage of participants (left y axis) consuming each level of fiber