Treatments of chronic fatigue syndrome and its debilitating comorbidities: a 12-year population-based study

Table 3 The odd ratios of treatments for patients with and without chronic fatigue syndrome in difference subgroup of comorbidities

Variable	Control (n = 6306)		CFS (n = 6306)		Odds ratio
	Control (n = 6306)		CFS (n = 6306)		Crude (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted (95% CI)	p-value
	Depression
	No	Yes	No	Yes
SSRI					1.69 (1.29,2.22)***	< 0.001	1.52 (1.14,2.03)**	0.004
No	5633	313	4990	535
Yes	266	94	509	272
SNRI					2.72 (1.67,4.42)***	< 0.001	2.56 (1.55,4.23)***	< 0.001
No	5809	386	5362	703
Yes	90	21	137	104
SARI					1.91 (1.43,2.54)***	< 0.001	1.73 (1.28,2.36)***	< 0.001
No	5599	328	4971	553
Yes	300	79	528	254
TCAs					1.30 (0.78,2.17)	0.305	1.21 (0.71,2.08)	0.480
No	5812	385	5362	751
Yes	87	22	137	56
BZD					1.96 (1.42,2.71)***	< 0.001	1.77 (1.24,2.52)**	0.002
No	3178	82	2016	92
Yes	2721	325	3483	715
NDRI					1.75 (0.93,3.28)	0.083	1.60 (0.82,3.09)	0.167
No	5872	394	5447	763
Yes	27	13	52	44
Muscle relaxant					1.58 (0.92,2.73)	0.100	1.27 (0.72,2.25)	0.411
No	5750	389	5259	752
Yes	149	18	240	55
Analgesic drug					13.7 (6.41,29.15)***	< 0.001	11.15 (5.00,24.87)***	< 0.001
No	1022	49	94	8
Yes	4877	358	5405	799
Supportive individual psychotherapy					1.52 (1.13,2.04)**	0.006	1.27 (0.92,1.74)	0.142
No	5700	332	5204	601
Yes	199	75	295	206
Intensive individual psychotherapy					1.94 (0.72,5.23)	0.191	1.79 (0.58,5.46)	0.310
No	5890	402	5463	788
Yes	9	5	36	19
Re-educative individual psychotherapy					1.72 (1.28,2.31)***	< 0.001	1.50 (1.10,2.05)*	0.011
No	5724	333	5240	584
Yes	175	74	259	223
Stretching exercise					1.12 (0.77,1.64)	0.538	1.12 (0.76,1.66)	0.563
No	5522	362	5008	708
Yes	377	45	491	99
Therapeutic exercise					1.80 (1.30,2.50)***	< 0.001	1.81 (1.29,2.55)***	< 0.001
No	5184	351	4606	627
Yes	715	56	893	180
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness					1.01 (0.45,2.27)	0.983	0.98 (0.42,2.30)	0.959
No	5776	398	5380	789
Yes	123	9	119	18

Variable	Control		CFS		Odds ratio
	Control		CFS		Crude (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted (95% CI)	p-value
	Anxiety disorder
	No	Yes	No	Yes
SSRI					1.70 (1.38,2.09)***	< 0.001	1.54 (1.24,1.92)***	< 0.001
No	5054	892	3918	1607
Yes	219	141	350	431
SNRI					2.41 (1.63,3.57)***	< 0.001	2.02 (1.35,3.03)***	< 0.001
No	5194	1001	4173	1892
Yes	79	32	95	146
SARI					1.60 (1.31,1.96)***	< 0.001	1.37 (1.11,1.7)**	0.004
No	5045	882	3925	1599
Yes	228	151	343	439
TCAs					1.25 (0.86,1.83)	0.238	1.14 (0.77,1.68)	0.508
No	5204	993	4173	1940
Yes	69	40	95	98
BZD					1.89 (1.56,2.29)***	< 0.001	1.68 (1.37,2.06)***	< 0.001
No	3022	238	1829	279
Yes	2251	795	2439	1759
NDRI					2.09 (1.21,3.64)**	0.009	1.84 (1.04,3.25)*	0.037
No	5249	1017	4237	1973
Yes	24	16	31	65
Muscle relaxant					1.57 (1.09,2.25)*	0.015	1.46 (1.01,2.11)*	0.046
No	5147	992	4097	1914
Yes	126	41	171	124
Analgesic drug					7.84 (4.7,13.09)***	< 0.001	7.80 (4.55,13.38)***	< 0.001
No	1000	71	83	19
Yes	4273	962	4185	2019
Supportive individual psychotherapy					1.37 (1.09,1.72)**	0.007	1.15 (0.9,1.47)	0.267
No	5113	919	4063	1742
Yes	160	114	205	296
Intensive individual psychotherapy					2.34 (1.03,5.31)*	0.043	1.87 (0.79,4.46)	0.155
No	5266	1026	4245	2006
Yes	7	7	23	32
Re-educative individual psychotherapy					1.58 (1.25,2.00)***	< 0.001	1.34 (1.04,1.73)*	0.025
No	5128	929	4092	1732
Yes	145	104	176	306
Stretching exercise					1.49 (1.15,1.93)**	0.003	1.44 (1.1,1.88)**	0.008
No	4936	948	3918	1798
Yes	337	85	350	240
Therapeutic exercise					1.32 (1.08,1.61)**	0.006	1.29 (1.05,1.58)*	0.016
No	4669	866	3609	1624
Yes	604	167	659	414
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness					0.69 (0.44,1.09)	0.109	0.67 (0.42,1.07)	0.095
No	5175	999	4178	1991
Yes	98	34	90	47

Variable	Control		CFS		Odds ratio
	Control		CFS		Crude (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted (95% CI)	p-value
	Insomnia
	No	Yes	No	Yes
SSRI					1.81 (1.47,2.24)***	< 0.001	1.65 (1.32,2.06)***	< 0.001
No	4969	977	3667	1858
Yes	231	129	336	445
SNRI					1.74 (1.23,2.47)**	0.002	1.54 (1.07,2.21)*	0.019
No	5131	1064	3910	2155
Yes	69	42	93	148
SARI					1.45 (1.2,1.76)***	< 0.001	1.30 (1.06,1.59)*	0.011
No	4991	936	3701	1823
Yes	209	170	302	480
TCAs					1.62 (1.09,2.4)*	0.018	1.58 (1.05,2.38)*	0.027
No	5124	1073	3919	2194
Yes	76	33	84	109
BZD					1.43 (1.2,1.71)***	< 0.001	1.37 (1.14,1.66)**	0.001
No	3008	252	1714	394
Yes	2192	854	2289	1909
NDRI					2.01 (1.14,3.55)*	0.016	1.75 (0.97,3.16)	0.062
No	5175	1091	3969	2241
Yes	25	15	34	62
Muscle relaxant					1.19 (0.86,1.65)	0.285	1.11 (0.80,1.55)	0.530
No	5087	1052	3841	2170
Yes	113	54	162	133
Analgesic drug					8.75 (5.77,13.25)***	< 0.001	8.00 (5.16,12.4)***	< 0.001
No	960	111	73	29
Yes	4240	995	3930	2274
Supportive individual psychotherapy					1.26 (1.01,1.59)*	0.044	1.03 (0.81,1.32)	0.784
No	5042	990	3799	2006
Yes	158	116	204	297
Intensive individual psychotherapy					1.63 (0.74,3.6)	0.228	1.31 (0.57,3.02)	0.519
No	5194	1098	3975	2276
Yes	6	8	28	27
Re-educative individual psychotherapy					1.57 (1.24,2)***	< 0.001	1.35 (1.04,1.74)*	0.024
No	5049	1008	3826	1998
Yes	151	98	177	305
Stretching exercise					1.30 (1.02,1.66)*	0.033	1.26 (0.99,1.62)	0.064
No	4878	1006	3677	2039
Yes	322	100	326	264
Therapeutic exercise					1.52 (1.25,1.84)***	< 0.001	1.52 (1.25,1.86)***	< 0.001
No	4591	944	3406	1827
Yes	609	162	597	476
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness					0.84 (0.56,1.26)	0.405	0.88 (0.58,1.33)	0.539
No	5106	1068	3933	2236
Yes	94	38	70	67

CFS: chronic fatigue syndrome; CI: confidence interval; *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001

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