Fig. 5

Human urine EVs can be used as a biological matrix to identify the effects of radiation exposure. A Total ion chromatogram (TIC) plots of human urine EV samples generated by UPLC-QToF-MS in positive (left) and negative (right) ionization mode. B Metabolites with significant expression changes in human urine EVs post-radiotherapy, quantified using LC–MS/MS. P-values: * = < 0.05, ** = < 0.01, *** = < 0.001. Student’s two-tailed t-test with homogeneous variance was used to compare changes pre- and post-radiotherapy