Fig. 4

Validation of the potential for EVs isolated from small volumes of urine to serve as biomarkers for ionizing radiation exposure. A Abbreviated experimental design investigating utility of urinary EVs as a source of radiation biomarkers in rats exposed to 13 Gy ionizing radiation. B Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plots demonstrate clear separation between EVs isolated from mice exposed to 0 Gy (blue) and 13 Gy (yellow) irradiation 1-, 14-, 30- and 90-days post-irradiation. C Rain drop plot showing distinct down-regulation of specific lipid species in the acute (24 h) time frame post-irradiation, followed by recovery and upregulation of these species 14-, 30- and 90-days post-irradiation, compared to control rats. P-value refers to FDR-adjusted p-value as determined by student’s two-tailed t-test with homogeneous variance comparing irradiated vs. sham rats at each time point