Fig. 1

Effect of propranolol in the Pdcd10^ECKO murine model of cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Propranolol treated mice at 50 mg/kg/day showed more of a significant rightward shift in the dose response curve in a left ventricular contractility (dP/dt max) and b change (Δ) of heart rate in beats per minute (bpm) with increasing concentrations of isoproterenol than those treated at 15 mg/kg/day. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, post hoc independent samples t-test. c Propranolol treatment (15 mg/kg) for 35 days, (dose started P21) did not affect lesion burden compared with placebo controls (P = 0.466, t test). Three placebo mice and one propranolol-treated mouse were excluded as outliers per prespecified criteria. Their inclusion did not result in therapeutic effect. d Representative micro-computed tomography with average lesion burdens showed no effect of propranolol in Pdcd10^ECKO brains. e Propranolol treatment did not affect acute hemorrhage compared to placebo controls (P = 0.527, Mann–Whitney test). f Propranolol treatment did not affect attrition compared to placebo controls (P = 0.96, Log-rank Mantel-Cox test). Data are expressed as mean + standard error of the mean in a, b, c and e