Fig. 3

Performance of machine learning models. (A) Comparison of area under the receiver operating characteristic curves among XGBoost, random forest, and deep forest models in the validation set; (B) Calibration plots of XGBoost, random forest, and deep forest models in the validation set. The Brier score is reported in the lower right legend (the smaller the value, the better the calibration). AUROC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve