Fig. 5

SHAP force plot for patients in the dataset at high (a) or low (b) risk of developing DKD; c SHAP values (global interpretation) for the training set. The abscissa represents each patient, and the ordinate represents the SHAP value. More red indicates a higher overall risk. Hcy, homocysteine; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate