Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study ID | Sample | CVA type | Groups | NIHSS mean | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
characteristic | N | M/F | Age | ||||
Algin 2019, Turkey | Serum | Ischemic | stroke | 75 | 34/43 | 73.22 | 10.88 |
Healthy control | 28 | 8/20 | 69.14 | ||||
Anjum 2020, Pakistan | Serum | Hem/Isch | CIMT | 20 | NA | NA | NA |
Physiotherapy | 20 | NA | NA | ||||
Asadollahi 2019, Iran | Serum | Ischemic | Saffron—treated | 19 | 11/8 | 70.16 | T1: 11.30 T2: 9.15 |
Standard treatment | 20 | 1/4 | 72.25 | ||||
Bastawy 2019, Egypt | Serum | Hem/Isch | Graded exercise test | 35 | 23/15 | 65.2 | 4.29 |
Bembenk 2020, Poland (full text not found) | NA | NA | Chronological study baseline, 4Â weeks, 3Â month | 61 | NA | NA | NA |
Billinger 2018, USA | Serum | Hem/Isch | Chronological study baseline, day7 | 13 | 7/6 | 62.08 | NA |
Bintang 2020, Indonesia | Serum | ischemic | rTMS | 14 | 6/8 | 54.50 | NA |
control | 13 | 8/5 | 62.15 | ||||
Boyne 2019, USA | NA | Hem/Isch | Graded exercise test | 16 | 9/7 | 57.4 | NA |
Casas 2017, Argentina | Plasma | Ischemic | Acute stroke | 40 | 20/20 | 77.5 | 12.25 |
Healthy control | 20 | 10/10 | 73.5 | ||||
Chan 2015, Australia | Serum | Ischemic | stroke | 75 | 44/31 | 69 | 3.5 |
Healthy control | 56 | 29/27 | 43 | ||||
Chang 2018, Korea | Serum | Hem/Isch | Chronological study baseline, day7, week2 | 38 | 23/15 | 62.9 | 7.5 |
Chaturvedi 2020, India | Serum | Hem/Isch | PNF | 208 | 126/82 | 55.29 | 9.36 |
Chen 2018, China | Serum | NA | Acute stroke | 30 | 17/13 | 65.9 | NA |
Healthy control | 30 | 16/14 | 66.2 | ||||
Cichon 2018, Poland | Plasma | Ischemic | ELF-EMF group | 25 | 15/10 | 48.0 | 5.16 |
non ELF-EMF group | 23 | 11/12 | 44.8 | ||||
de Morais 2018, Brazil | Serum | Ischemic | mild intensity walking | 10 | 5/5 | 58 | NA |
Di Lazzaro 2017, Italy | Serum | Ischemic | Single group | 10 | 5/5 | 67.9 | 7.2 |
El-Tamawy 2014 Egypt | Serum | NA | PT | 15 | 10/5 | 49.67 | NA |
Aerobic exercise + PT | 15 | 11/4 | 48.4 | ||||
Greisenegger 2015, UK | Serum | TIA | Survivors | 568 | 282/286 | 68 | 0 |
Non survivors | 361 | 178/183 | 82 | ||||
Han 2020, China | Serum | Hem/Isch | PSD | 61 | 35/26 | 67.89 | NA |
PSA | 40 | 22/18 | 67.23 | ||||
Without any | 61 | 37/ 24 | 67.97 | ||||
Hassan 2018, Neigeria | Serum | NA | Stroke | 47 | 27/20 | 55 | NA |
Healthy control | 35 | 18/17 | 50 | ||||
Hsu 2020, Taiwan | Serum | NA | HIIT group | 10 | 8\2 | 58.5 | NA |
MICT group | 13 | 12\1 | 53.1 | ||||
Hidayat 2016, Indonesia | Serum | Ischemic | Stoke with different stroke onset | 17 | NA | 61.75 | NA |
Hutanu 2020, Romania | Serum | Ischemic | Stroke | 114 | 65/49 | 71.7 | NA |
Healthy control | 40 | 23/17 | 67.9 | ||||
Jiménez 2008, Spain | Serum | Ischemic | PSD | 109 | 79/30 | 69 | 3 |
Non-PSD | 25 | 13/12 | 77 | ||||
Karakulova 2018, Russia | Serum | Ischemic | IV-Cytoflavin with basal therapy | 25 | NA | NA | T1: 6.5 T2: 5.53 |
standard treatment | 27 | NA | NA | ||||
Kim 2019, Korea | NA | Hem/Isch | LI-aerobic exercise plus dual-task training | 9 | 4/5 | 59.77 | NA |
MI- aerobic exercise plus dual-task training | 9 | 4/5 | 58.22 | ||||
HI- aerobic exercise plus dual-task training | 9 | 5/4 | 57.55 | ||||
King 2019, Canada | Serum | Hem/Isch | Exercise | 35 | NA | 65.2 | 4.29 |
Koroleva 2020, Russia | Serum | Ischemic | Stroke | 50 | 28/22 | 62.5 | NA |
Healthy control | 50 | 29/21 | 60.5 | ||||
Kotlega 2020, Poland | Plasma | Ischemic | Single group | 73 | 33/40 | 60.7 | NA |
Kozak 2019, Turkey | Serum | Ischemic | AIS | 36 | 19/17 | 65.25 | 6.96 |
AIS and DM | 17 | 8/9 | 67.47 | ||||
Kozak 2016, Turkey | Serum | Ischemic | AIS | 49 | 24/25 | 64.63 | T1: 6.88 T2: 3.43 |
AIS and delirium | 11 | 5/6 | 72.91 | ||||
Lasek-Bal 2015, Poland | Serum | Ischemic | Single group | 87 | 45/42 | 71.7 | NA |
Lasek-Bal 2019, Poland | NA | Ischemic | Single group | 138 | 63/75 | 73.11 | 3 |
Levchuk 2019, Russia | Serum | Ischemic | Stroke | 68 | NA | NA | NA |
Health control | 20 | NA | NA | ||||
Li 2014, China | Serum | Ischemic | with Depression | 59 | 24/35 | 72.8 | 5.81 |
without depression | 157 | 93/64 | 63.6 | ||||
Lopez Cancio 2017, Spain | Serum | Ischemic | Chronological study baseline, day7, month3 | 83 | 48/35 | 69.6 | 16.68 |
Lu 2015, China | Plasma | Hem/Isch | With dysmnesia | 40 | 25\15 | 44.9 | NA |
Healthy control | 10 | 6/4 | 42.4 | ||||
Luo 2019, China/USA | Serum | Hem/Isch | Low FIM on admission | 174 | 98/76 | 68.9 | NA |
High FIM on admission | 174 | 98/76 | 66.5 | NA | |||
Mirowska-Guzel 2013, Poland | Serum | Ischemic | Low-frequency rTMS | 46 | 29/17 | 62.09 | NA |
Mourao 2019, Brazil | Plasma | Ischemic | Chronological study 72Â h, at discharge | 50 | 28/22 | 65.5 | T0:8.04 T1: 7.86 yT2: 5.89 |
Niimi 2016, Japan | Serum | Hem/Isch | rTMS | 62 | 41/21 | 62.3 | NA |
Routine treatment | 33 | 17/16 | 66.2 | ||||
Ortega 2019, Spain | Plasma | Ischemic | Non-PSH | 95 | 69.7 | 46/49 | 4.54 |
PSH | 79 | 72.1 | 25/54 | ||||
Pascotini. 2018, Brazil | Plasma | Ischemic | stroke | 44 | 27\13 | 63 | NA |
Healthy control | 44 | 22/18 | 56 | ||||
Pedard 2018, France | Serum | Ischemic | Chronological study day1, at discharge | 40 | 20/20 | 76.81 | T0: 7.34 T1: 3.53 T2: 1.34 |
Prodjohardjono 2020, Indonesia | Serum | Ischemic | Chronological study day5, day 30 | 68 | 60.97 | 36\32 | NA |
Qiao 2017, China | Serum | Ischemic | Stroke | 270 | 144\126 | 65 | 7 |
Healthy control | 100 | 53/47 | 65 | ||||
Rodier 2015, France | Serum | Hem/Isch | rt-PA-treated Patients | 24 | 8/6 | 69.13 | NA |
Non-treated Patients | 14 | 5/9 | 74.71 | ||||
Roslavtceva 2020, Russia | Plasma | Ischemic | Chronological study baseline, day7, week3 | 56 | 21/35 | 63 | NA |
Ryan 2019, USA | Plasma | Chronic stroke | Conventional rehabilitation therapy | 16 | NA | 62 | NA |
Santos 2016, Brazil | Serum | NA | Stroke | 17 | NA | 62.71 | NA |
Healthy control | 17 | NA | 61.88 | ||||
Siotto 2017, Italy | Serum | Hem/Isch | Sub-acute patients | 19 | 10/9 | 67.5 | NA |
Chronic patients | 31 | 16/15 | 72.1 | ||||
Silva Mariana 2017, Brazil | Serum | Hem/Isch | Low-intensity walk | 15 | 9/6 | 60.8 | NA |
Sobrino 2020, Spain | Serum | Ischemic | Favorable outcome | 351 | 214/137 | 66.9 | 11.66 |
Unfavorable outcome | 201 | 128/73 | 69.6 | ||||
Stanne 2016, UK | Serum | Ischemic | Stroke | 491 | NA | NA | NA |
Healthy control | 513 | NA | NA | ||||
Syafrita 2020, Indonesia | Serum | Ischemic | With depression | 36 | 18/18 | 59.67 | NA |
Without depression | 38 | 19/17 | 59.64 | ||||
Wang 2019, China | Serum | Ischemic | stroke | 40 | 20/18 | 62.5 | 10 |
Healthy control | 40 | 21/19 | 62.5 | ||||
Wang 2017, China | Serum | Ischemic | Stroke | 204 | 110/94 | 64 | 6 |
Healthy control | 100 | NA | NA | ||||
Wang 2021, China | Serum | Hem/Isch | Rehabilitation | 50 | 65.3 | 32/18 | NA |
Routine treatment | 50 | 66.5 | 30/20 | ||||
Healthy control | 50 | 64.2 | 26/24 | ||||
Widodo 2016, Indonesia | Serum | Ischemic | 7–30 days post stroke | 19 | NA | 58 | NA |
 > 30 days post stroke | 27 | NA | 56 | ||||
Yang 2011, China | Serum | Ischemic | PSD | 37 | 18/19 | 68.95 | T0: 4.48 T1: 2.48 |
Non PSD | 63 | 37/26 | 68.43 | ||||
Healthy control | 50 | 22/28 | 65.12 | ||||
Zhang 2017, China | Serum | ischemic | Atorvastatin | 37 | 21/16 | 65.11 | 8.11 |
Control group | 38 | 23/15 | 63.34 | ||||
Zhou 2011, China | Serum | ischemic | PSD | 35 | 19/16 | 61.7 | 5.75 |
Non-PSD | 58 | 34/21 | 63.5 | ||||
Healthy controls | 30 | NA | NA | ||||